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Paper Codes

Classification of Subjects

The Classification listed here is the Appendix to Section 43, “Acoustics,” of the Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme (PACS), of the American Institute of Physics. The PACS scheme is used to index The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America as well as material on acoustics in other physics journals. An online version of PACS is available on AIP’s World Wide Web server. The uniform resource locator (URL) for this document is http://www.aip.org/pacs/index.html.

43. Acoustics

43.05. -k Acoustical Society of America
43.05. Hw Meetings
43.05. Ky Members and membership lists, personal notes, fellows
43.05. Ma Administrative committee activities
43.05. Nb Technical committee activities; Technical Council
43.05. Pc Prizes, medals, and other awards

43.10.-a General

43.10. Ce Conferences, lectures, and announcements (not of the Acoustical Society of Korea)
43.10. Gi Editorials, Foru
43.10. Hj Books and book reviews
43.10. Sv Education in acoustics, tutorial papers of interest to acoustics educators
43.10. VxErrata

43.15.+s Standards

43.20. -f General linear acoustics
43.20. Bi Mathematical theory of wave propagation
43.20. El Reflection, refraction, diffraction of acoustic waves
43.20. Fn Scattering of acoustic waves
43.20. Gp Reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, and scattering of elastic and poroelastic waves
43.20. Hq Velocity and attenuation of acoustic waves
43.20. Ks Standing waves, resonance, normal modes
43.20. Mv Waveguides, wave propagation in tubes and ducts
43.20. Px Transient radiation and scattering
43.20. Rz Steady-state radiation from sources, impedance, radiation patterns, boundary element methods
43.20. Tb Interaction of vibrating structures with surrounding medium
43.20. Wd Analogies
43.20. Ye Measurement methods and instrumentation

43.25.-x Nonlinear acoustics

43.25. BaParameters of nonlinearity of the medium
43.25. CbMacrosonic propagation, finite amplitude sound; shock waves
43.25. DcNonlinear acoustics of solids
43.25. EdEffect of nonlinearity on velocity and attenuation
43.25. Fe Effect of nonlinearity on acoustic surface waves
43.25. Gf Standing waves; resonance
43.25. Jh Reflection, refraction, interference, scattering, and diffraction of intense sound waves
43.25. Lj Parametric arrays, interaction of sound with sound, virtual sources
43.25. Nm Acoustic streaming
43.25. Qp Radiation pressure
43.25. Ts Nonlinear acoustical and dynamical systems
43.25. Vt Intense sound sources
43.25. Yw Nonlinear acoustics of bubbly liquids
43.25. Zx Measurement methods and instrumentation for nonlinear acoustics

43.28.-g Aeroacoustics and atmospheric sound

43.28. Dm Infrasound and acoustic-gravity waves
43.28. En Interaction of sound with ground surfaces, ground cover and topography, acoustic impedance of outdoor surfaces
43.28. Fp Outdoor sound propagation through a stationary atmosphere, meteorological factors
43.28. Hr Outdoor sound sources
43.28. Js Numerical models for outdoor propagation
43.28. Lv Statistical characteristics of sound fields and propagation parameters/td>
43.28. Mw Shock and blast waves, sonic boom
43.28. Py Interaction of fluid motion and sound, Doppler effect, and sound in flow ducts
43.28. Ra Generation of sound by fluid flow, aerodynamic sound and turbulence
43.28. Vd Measurement methods and instrumentation to determine or evaluate atmospheric parameters, winds, turbulence, temperatures, and pollutants in air
43.28. We Measurement methods and instrumentation for remote sensing and for inverse problems

43.30.-k Underwater sound

43.30. Bp Normal mode propagation of sound in water
43.30. Cq Ray propagation of sound in water
43.30. Dr Hybrid and asymptotic propagation theories, related experiments
43.30. Es Velocity, attenuation, refraction, and diffraction in water, Doppler effect
43.30. Ft Volume scattering
43.30. Gv Backscattering, echoes, and reverberation in water due to combinations of boundaries
43.30. Hw Rough interface scattering
43.30. Jx Radiation from objects vibrating under water, acoustic and mechanical impedance
43.30. Ky Structures and materials for absorbing sound in water; propagation in fluid-filled permeable material
43.30. Lz Underwater applications of nonlinear acoustics; explosions
43.30. Ma Acoustics of sediments; ice covers, viscoelastic media; seismic underwater acoustics
43.30. Nb Noise in water; generation mechanisms and characteristics of the field
43.30. Pc Ocean parameter estimation by acoustical methods; remote sensing; imaging, inversion, acoustic tomography
43.30. Qd Global scale acoustics; ocean basin thermometry, transbasin acoustics
43.30. Re Signal coherence or fluctuation due to sound propagation/scattering in the ocean
43.30. Sf Acoustical detection of marine life; passive and active
43.30. Tg Navigational instruments using underwater sound
43.30. Vh Active sonar systems
43.30. Wi Passive sonar systems and algorithms, matched field processing in underwater acoustics
43.30. Xm Underwater measurement and calibration instrumentation and procedures
43.30. Yj Transducers and transducer arrays for underwater sound; transducer calibration
43.30. Zk Experimental modeling

43.35.-c Ultrasonics, quantum acoustics, and physical effects of sound

43.35. Bf Ultrasonic velocity, dispersion, scattering, diffraction, and attenuation in liquids, liquid crystals, suspensions, and emulsions
43.35. Cg Ultrasonic velocity, dispersion, scattering, diffraction, and attenuation in solids; elastic constants
43.35. Ei Acoustic cavitation in liquids
43.35. Mr Acoustics of viscoelastic materials
43.35. Ns Acoustical properties of thin films
43.35. Pt Surface waves in solids and liquids
43.35. Sx Acoustooptical effects, optoacoustics, acoustical visualization, acoustical microscopy, and acoustical holography
43.35. Ty Other physical effects of sound
43.35. Ud Thermoacoustics, high temperature acoustics, photoacoustic effect
43.35. Wa Biological effects of ultrasound, ultrasonic tomography
43.35. Yb Ultrasonic instrumentation and measurement techniques
43.35. Zc Use of ultrasonics in nondestructive testing, industrial processes, and industrial products

43.38.-p Transduction; acoustical devices for the generation and reproduction of sound

43.38. Ar Transducing principles, materials, and structures: general
43.38. Bs Electrostatic transducers
43.38. Ct Magnetostrictive transducers
43.38. Dv Electromagnetic and electrodynamic transducers
43.38. Fx Piezoelectric and ferroelectric transducers
43.38. Gy Semiconductor transducers
43.38. Hz Transducer arrays, acoustic interaction effects in arrays
43.38. Ja Loudspeakers and horns, practical sound sources
43.38. Kb Microphones and their calibration
43.38. Lc Amplifiers, attenuators, and audio controls
43.38. Md Sound recording and reproducing systems, general concepts
43.38. Ne Mechanical, optical, and photographic recording and reproducing systems
43.38. Pf Hydroacoustic and hydraulic transducers
43.38. Si Telephones, earphones, sound power telephones, and intercommunication systems
43.38. Tj Public address systems, soundreinforcement systems
43.38. Vk Stereophonic reproduction
43.38. Yn Impulse transducers

43.40.-r Structural acoustics and vibration

43.40. At Experimental and theoretical studies of vibrating systems
43.40. Cw Vibrations of strings, rods, and beams
43.40. Dx Vibrations of membranes and plates
43.40. Ey Vibrations of shells
43.40. Fz Acoustic scattering by elastic structures
43.40. Ga Nonlinear vibration
43.40. Hb Random vibration
43.40. Jc Shock and shock reduction and absorption
43.40. Kd Impact and impact reduction, mechanical transients
43.40. Le Techniques for nondestructive evaluation and monitoring, acoustic emission
43.40. Ng Effects of vibration and shock on biological systems, including man
43.40. Ph Seismology and geophysical prospecting; seismographs
43.40. Qi Effect of sound on structures fatigue; spatial statistics of structural vibration
43.40. Rj Radiation from vibrating structures into fluid media
43.40. Sk Inverse problems in structural acoustics and vibration
43.40. Tm Vibration isolators, attenuators, and dampers
43.40. Vn Active vibration control
43.40. Yq Instrumentation and techniques for tests and measurement relating to shock and vibration, including vibration pickups, indicators, and generators, mechanical impedance

43.50.-x Noise: its effects and control

43.50. Ba Noisiness: rating methods and criteria
43.50. Ed Noise generation
43.50. Fe Noise masking systems
43.50. Gf Noise control at source: redesign, application of absorptive materials and reactive elements, mufflers, noise silencers, noise barriers, and attenuators, etc.
43.50. Hg Noise control at the ear
43.50. Jh Noise in buildings and general machinery noise
43.50. Ki Active noise control
43.50. Lj Transportation noise sources: air, road, rail, and marine vehicles
43.50. Nm Aerodynamic and jet noise
43.50. Pn Impulse noise and noise due to impact
43.50. Qp Effects of noise on man and society
43.50. Rq Environmental noise, measurement, analysis, statistical characteristics
43.50. Sr Community noise, noise zoning, by-laws, and legislation
43.50. Yw Instrumentation and techniques for noise measurement and analysis

43.55.-n Architectural acoustics

43.55. Br Room acoustics: theory and experiment; reverberation, normal modes, diffusion, transient and steady-state response
43.55. Dt Sound absorption in enclosures:theory and measurement; use of absorption in offices, commercial and domestic spaces
43.55. Ev Sound absorption properties of materials: theory and measurement of sound absorption coefficients; acoustic impedance and admittance
43.55. Fw Auditorium and enclosure design
43.55. Gx Studies of existing auditoria and enclosures
43.55. Hy Subjective effects in room acoustics, speech in rooms
43.55. Jz Sound-reinforcement systems for rooms and enclosures
43.55. Ka Computer simulation of acoustics in enclosures, modeling
43.55. Mc Room acoustics measuring instruments, computer measurement of room properties
43.55. Nd Reverberation room design:theory, applications to measurements of sound absorption, transmission loss, sound power
43.55. Rg Sound transmission through walls and through ducts: theory and measurement
43.55. Ti Sound-isolating structures, values of transmission coefficients
43.55. Vj Vibration-isolating supports in building acoustics
43.55. Wk Damping of panels

43.58.-e Acoustical measurements and instrumentation

43.58. Bh Acoustic impedance measurement
43.58. Dj Sound velocity
43.58. Fm Sound level meters, level recorders, sound pressure, particle velocity, and sound intensity measurements, meters, and controllers
43.58. Gn Acoustic impulse analyzers and measurements
43.58. Hp Tuning forks, frequency standards; frequency measuring and recording instruments; time standards and chronographs
43.58. Ry Distortion: frequency, nonlinear, phase, and transient; measurement of distortion
43.58. Ta Computers and computer programs in acoustics
43.58. Vb Calibration of acoustical devices and systems

43.60.-c Acoustic signal processing

43.60. Ac Theory of acoustic signal processing
43.60. Bf Acoustic signal detection and classification, applications to control systems
43.60. Cg Statistical properties of signals and noise
43.60. Dh Signal processing for communications: telephony and telemetry, sound pickup and reproduction, multimedia
43.60. Ek Acoustic signal coding, morphology, and transformation
43.60. Fg Acoustic array systems and processing, beam- forming
43.60. Gk Space-time signal processing, other than matched field processing
43.60. Hj Time-frequency signal processing, wavelets
43.60. Jn Source localization and parameter estimation
43.60. Kx Matched field processing
43.60. Lq Acoustic imaging, displays, pattern recognition, feature extraction
43.60. Mn Adaptive processing
43.60. Pt Signal processing techniques for acoustic inverse problems
43.60. Qv Signal processing instrumentation, integrated systems, smart transducers, devices and architectures, displays and interfaces for acoustic systems
43.60. Rw Remote sensing methods, acoustic tomography
43.60. Sx Acoustic holography
43.60. Tj Wave front reconstruction, acoustic time-reversal, and phase conjugation
43.60. Uv Model-based signal processing
43.60. Vx Acoustic sensing and acquisition
43.60. Wy Non-stationary signal analysis, non-linear systems, and higher order statistics

43.64.-q Physiological acoustics

43.64. Ba Models and theories of auditory processes
43.64. Cb Loudness, absolute threshold
43.64. Dc Masking
43.64. Ed Auditory fatigue, temporary threshold shift
43.64. Fe Discrimination: intensity and frequency
43.64. Gf Detection and discrimination of sound by animals
43.64. Hg Pitch
43.64. Jh Timbre, timbre in musical acoustics
43.64. Lj Perceptual effects of sound
43.64. Mk Temporal and sequential aspects of hearing; auditory grouping in relation to music
43.64. Nm Phase effects
43.64. Pn Binaural hearing
43.64. Qp Localization of sound sources
43.64. Rq Dichotic listening
43.64. Sr Deafness, audiometry, aging effects
43.64. Ts Auditory prostheses, hearing aids
43.64. Vt Hearing protection
43.64. Wv Vibration and tactile senses
43.64. Yw Instruments and methods related to hearing and its measurement

43.70.-h Speech production

43.70. Aj Anatomy and physiology of the vocal tract, speech aerodynamics, auditory kinetics
43.70. Bk Models and theories of speech production
43.70. Dn Disordered speech
43.70. Ep Development of speech production
43.70. Fq Acoustical correlates of phonetic segments and suprasegmental properties: stress, timing, and intonation
43.70. Gr Larynx anatomy and function; voice production characteristics
43.70. Jt Instrumentation and methodology for speech production research
43.70. Kv Cross-linguistic speech production and acoustics
43.70. Mn Relations between speech production and perception

43.71.-k Speech perception

43.71. An Models and theories of speech perception
43.71. Bp Perception of voice and talker characteristics
43.71. Es Vowel and consonant perception; perception of words, sentences, and fluent speech
43.71. Ft Development of speech perception
43.71. Gv Measures of speech perception (intelligibility and quality)
43.71. Hw Cross-language perception of speech
43.71. Ky Speech perception by the hearing impaired
43.71. Lz Speech perception by the aging
43.71. Qr Neurophysiology of speech perception
43.71. Rt Sensory mechanisms in speech perception
43.71. Sy Spoken language processing by humans

43.72.-p Speech processing and communication systems

43.72. Ar Speech analysis and analysis techniques; parametric representation of speech
43.72. Bs Neural networks for speech recognition
43.72. Dv Speech-noise interaction
43.72. Fx Talker identification and adaptation algorithms
43.72. Gy Narrow, medium, and wideband speech coding
43.72. Ja Speech synthesis and synthesis techniques
43.72. Kb Speech communication systems and dialogue systems
43.72. Ne Automatic speech recognition systems
43.72. Uv Forensic acoustics

43.75.-z Music and musical instruments

43.75. Bc Scales, intonation, vibrato, composition
43.75. Cd Music perception and cognition
43.75. De Bowed stringed instruments
43.75. Ef Woodwinds
43.75. Fg Brass instruments and other lipvibrated instruments
43.75. Gh Plucked string instruments
43.75. Hi Drums
43.75. Kk Bells, gongs, cymbals, mallet percussion, and similar instruments
43.75. Lm Free reed instruments
43.75. Mn Pianos and other struck string instruments
43.75. Np Pipe organs
43.75. Qr Flutes and similar wind instruments
43.75. Rs Singing
43.75. St Musical performance, training, and analysis
43.75. Tv Electro-acoustic and electronic instruments
43.75. Wx Electronic and computer music
43.75. Yy Instrumentation and measurement methods for musical acoustics
43.75. Zz Analysis, synthesis, and processing of musical sounds

43.80.-n Bioacoustics

43.80. Cs Acoustical characteristics of biological media: molecular species, cellular level tissues
43.80. Ev Acoustical measurement methods in biological systems and media
43.80. Gx Mechanisms of action of acoustic energy on biological systems: physical processes, sites of action
43.80. Jz Use of acoustic energy (with or without other forms) in studies of structure and function of biological systems
43.80. Ka Sound production by animals: mechanisms, characteristics, populations, biosonar
43.80. Lb Sound reception by animals: anatomy, physiology, auditory capacities, processing
43.80. Nd Effects of noise on animals and associated behavior, protective mechanisms
43.80. Pe Agroacoustics
43.80. Qf Medical diagnosis with acoustics
43.80. Sh Medical use of ultrasonics for tissue modification (permanent and temporary)
43.80. Vj Acoustical medical instrumentation and measurement techniques

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